Home Depot Swot Analysis - 1216 Words

Arthur Blank and Bernie Marcus develop the concept for The Home Depot in 1978. The â€Å"With help from investment banker Ken Langone and merchandising guru Pat Farrah, Marcus and Blank opened the first two Home Depot stores in Atlanta the following year. The 60,000-square-foot warehouses dwarfed the competition with more items than any other hardware store.† (The Home Depot Our History) Home Depot sells a huge assortment of building substances, domestic development merchandise and lawn and garden merchandise and offers a number of services. â€Å"Today, Home Depot is the world’s largest domestic improvement retailer with almost 400,000 orange-blooded associates and it operates via approximately 2,278 stores, such as 1,977 inside the U.S.A.,†¦show more content†¦Lastly, they willingly accept social responsibility for their actions. Operating Strategy - Home Depot’s strategic framework is founded on a 3-legged stool principal of the customer personal encounter, product authority, and productiveness and efficiency driven with the aid of effective capital allocation. Overall, Home Depot is taking part greater intently all through their organization and with their commercial enterprise companions to construct an interconnected revel in for customers that offer a stop-to-stop answer for his or her home development desires. Home Depot Second Quarter 2017 Earnings As the world’s first and second largest home development shops, Home Depot and Lowe’s are very similar. And although these two competitors have developed a unique trademark and strategic priorities, they still compete for a shared consumer-base. Below are two Charts illustrating Home Depot and its main competitor Lowe’s statements of earnings data for the trailing 12-months. Home Depot is currently at $94.6B. â€Å"Net Sales increased 6.9% to $94.6 billion for the fiscal year ended January 29, 2017, from $88.5 billion for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2016. Home Depot’s total comparable store sales increased 5.6% in fiscal 2016, driven by a 2.8% increase in our comparable store customer transactions and a 2.7% increase in our comparable store average ticket. Comparable store sales for our U.S. stores increased 6.2% in fiscal 2016. For fiscal 2016, weShow MoreRelatedA SWOT Analysis for Home Depot1061 Words   |  4 Pages The Home Depot is in the home improvement business and their goal is to provide the highest level of service, the broadest selection of products and most competitive prices. They are a value driven company that abide by their 8 core values which will be discussed later in the essay. Home Depot is the world’s largest home improvement retailer operating in 45 states. Home Depot stores aim to serve do-it-yourself, do-it-for you and professional contractors with home improvement superstores carryingRead MoreHome Depot Swot Analysis1821 Words   |  8 PagesThe Home Depot Case Analysis The Home Depot NYSE: HD, headquartered in Vinings, Georgia, is a home improvement retailer that aims for both the do-it-yourself consumer and the professional in home improvement and construction. It is the second largest retailer in the United States, behind Wal-Mart; and the third largest retailer in the world, behind Wal-Mart and French company Carrefour. The Home Depot operates about 1,900 stores across North America. The company operates stores in the United StatesRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Home Depot Inc1725 Words   |  7 PagesHOME DEPOT SWOT ANALYSIS Home Depot Inc. is the world’s largest home improvement retailer. The company operates in the USA, Mexico and Canada. The company with its leading market position is very well positioned to leverage it bargaining power to improve profitability. Following is the SWOT Analysis of Home Depot. o EXCELLENT EXECUTION: Home Depot is famously knows for its excellent capital allocation and its revenue execution. Its this strategy that prevented THD from goingRead MoreSWOT Analysis Of Lowes, Home Depot And Wolseley PLC858 Words   |  4 Pagesboth directly and indirectly. Two of Lowes’ biggest direct competitors include Home Depot and Wolseley PLC, both of which carry similar products in the home improvement category. Each of these retailer On the other hand, an indirect competitor of Lowe’s is any small construction/repair company. These smaller repair companies are classified as indirect competitors because Lowe’s is known as a retailer for â€Å"do-it-yourself† home improvement projects. If a repair company is hired to complete a service, Lowe’sRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A SWOT analysis is an analysis based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a company. SWOT analysis is the first phase in gathering information for strategic planning (Wheelen, Hunger, Hoffman, Bamford, 2015). A SWOT analysis plays a significant role in strategic planning because it is the discovery phase of what the company needs to succeed. It is a tool used to examine a company’s state of health and improve on its opportunities. It gives a detailed understandingRead MoreHD vs Lowes1097 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Running head: THE HOME DEPOT VS. LOWE’S The Home Depot vs. Lowe’s AIU Online MGMT499-1302A-06 June 2, 2013 Abstract This research paper will compare and contrast two organizations in the same industry. There will be analysis on the two organizations’ elements of business. This includes the basic legal, social, and economic environment, the managerial, operational, and financial issues impacting the organizations, and an analysis on the impact of potentialRead MoreEnvironmental Scan1350 Words   |  6 PagesScan of Home Depot Crystal Graham MGT498 March 18, 2013 Rob Inglis Environmental Scan of Home Depot Strategic planning is necessary for every successful company and needs to be managed accordingly. Environmental scanning is the first phase in strategic planning management. Environmental changes, whether external or internal can pose major problems for a company. A scan of environmental factors provides a better understanding of current trends and what causes things to change. An analysis of thisRead MoreHals Woodworking Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesHAL’S WOODWORKING SWOT ANALYSIS Table of Contents SWOT Diagram†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ..4 Strengths...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Opportunities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Threats†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Conclusions and Recommendations..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 References†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7    |    | Strengths |    | |    |    | Weaknesses |    |    | | | |    | |    | | | |    | †¢ | FamilyRead MoreInternal Risk Assessment - Home Depot1552 Words   |  7 Pagestraded global firm, The Home Depot, Incorporated leads the world in retail building supplies and home improvement goods. According to the 2009 Form 10-K reported to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the company maintains 2,244 retail sites â€Å"Located throughout the United States including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the territories of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam (â€Å"U.S.†), Canada, China and Mexico† (The Home Depot: Annual Report, 2009). The Home Depot wisely forecasts and assessesRead MoreHals Woodworking798 Words   |  4 PagesHAL’S WOODWORKING SWOT ANALYSIS CSIS 405 Table of Contents SWOT Diagram†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ..4 Weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Opportunities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Threats†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Conclusions and Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 References†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7    |    | Strengths |    | |    |    | Weaknesses |    |    | | | |    | |    | | | |    | †¢ | Family owned business |    | | †¢ | Local

Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls - 875 Words

Introduction:- Nonverbal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, body language or posture, physical distance, facial expression and eye contact, which are all types of nonverbal communication. Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face†¦show more content†¦Sign Language- Sign language (also signed language or simply signing) is a language which, instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns, uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning. It can be further divided into †¢ Visual Signs †¢ Audio Signs 2. Body Language- Body language refers to forms of non-verbal communication, wherein a person reveals clues as to some unspoken intention or feeling through their physical behaviour. Majority of Non-VerbalShow MoreRelatedThe Online Shopping Industry Has Changed The World1305 Words   |  6 PagesAldrich gave birth to an idea called online shopping. This idea is a form of electrical commerce in which buyers can directly sell to their consumers without any help of an intermediary and this communication would happen electronically. This simple idea has turned into a trillion dollar industry making it possible for the average Joe to order something online and get it delivered to his/her door step from the seller, eliminating the need to go to a shopping mall to buy new things and overcoming the geographicRead MoreVerbal Persuasion and Body Language1561 Words   |  7 PagesEXPERIMENT NO. 9 Verbal Appeal and Body Language OBJECTIVE To show that verbal expression and gestures influence social impression RELATED LITERATURE According to an article by Long (2011), deceiving another person with your nonverbal messages is a form of contradiction. For example, you may be bored on a date or in class, but you do not want to communicate this feeling. So you pretend - you simulate interest, by keeping eye contact, nodding and sometimes smiling, all of which are not truthfulRead MoreThe Importance of Non-verbal Commuincation1099 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is an aspect of everyday life. People communicate both verbally and most importantly non-verbally. Verbal communication involves words whereas non-verbal communication consists of everything else but words. Moreover, there are different non-verbal concepts. These include haptics, refering to touch; proxemics, involving space and kinesics, which refers to gestures. Non-verbal communication is considered more meaningful and powerful because it communicates what the mouth does not. Non-verbalRead More My Family: God Blessed Our Family with Robbie Essay5 28 Words   |  3 PagesRobbie is my eight-year-old brother. He is autistic. Autism is a developmental disability that interferes with the normal development of the brain in the areas of reasoning, social interaction, and communication skills. Because of autism, Robbie has severe delays in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions, and even in play activities. Robbie does not do what is normal for a child of eight and he acts much younger. Things that most children do automatically have to be taught to RobbieRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Tenses in Newspapers Headlines and Reports3368 Words   |  14 Pagespeculiar features what concerns vocabulary, syntax and even phonetics. The existence of functional styles is mainly determined by specific conditions of people communication in different spheres of life. According to I.R. Galperin, a functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication.(Galperin ) Table1. Function style Intellectual- communicative Voluntary Emotive Contact- creating Aesthetic Oratorical + + + + + Read MoreInfluence of Women on Buying Behaviour of Men3672 Words   |  15 Pagesevery member of our team for helping and contributing creative and innovative ideas. Then at last, but not the least we would like to thank our parents and friends who have played an important role in completion of the report. 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The idea thatRead MoreManaging Across Borders and Cultures Essay2184 Words   |  9 Pageswhich created the need for greater awareness in managers to be sensitive to the cultural aspects of decision making† (Mattock, 2003). Cross cultural management places great importance of four aspects; the need for open and constant communication (verbal and non-verbal), the need for sen sitivity to be respectful of another culture, the importance of flexibility in being patient with understanding another cultures and the reduction of conflicts through education and abandonment of generalisations andRead MoreCustomer Satisfaction at Big Bazaar†13098 Words   |  53 Pagesretailing industry in India will amount to US$ 833 billion by 2013 and US$ 1.3 trillion by 2018. Shopping in India has witnessed a revolution with the change in the consumer buying behavior and the whole format of shopping also altering. Industry of retail in India which has become modern can be seen from the fact that there are huge shopping centers, malls and sprawling complexes which offer food, shopping, and entertainment all under the same roof. Indian retail industry is expanding itself most aggressively;Read MoreMy Observations of Parenting1990 Words   |  8 Pagesdue to the father showing his affection to his little girl. My first observation on parenting behavior I watched the fat her show affection to his little girl by way of smiling at her and kissing her on her head. The little girl was sitting in the shopping basket and was singing quietly to herself and after her dad kissed her on the head, she just smiled at him and patted his hand. The little girl said something to her father and he leaned his head down towards her and responded to her. This father

Antony and Cleopatra Heroic Act, Post Heroic Age Free Essays

Q: Describe Antony and Cleopatra as a heroic act written in a post-heroic age. Antony and Cleopatra is a tragic play written by William Shakespeare; embodying the basic notions of most of the Jacobean tragedies that occurred during the reign of King James the first of England. The story follows a historical imitation of the events that occurred during the reign of the Egyptian and Roman Empire under the power of Cleopatra of Alexandria and the Triumvirs i. We will write a custom essay sample on Antony and Cleopatra: Heroic Act, Post Heroic Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. Ceaser, Antony and Lepidus of Athens. Antony, one of the main Triumvirs of Rome, falls in love with the Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, stirring up an affair seeped in political turmoil and war. Antony, torn apart between his duties to his kingdom and his love for Cleopatra, finds himself in the midst of the tragic remembrance of many of Shakespeare’s leading male characters like Othello, Kind Lear, and Macbeth etc. A man, destined towards an impregnable end due to one characteristic drawback, one fatal flaw. To understand the topic of â€Å"Heroism† and â€Å"Post Heroism† one must go back to the origin of the â€Å"Tragic Play†. The idea of tragedy comes from the Aristotelian school of thought. Tragedy as an art form, from the earliest works of Western play writes like Homer and Sophocles; derives itself from a materialist mind, choosing to harness the problems of the inevitable in heroic, noble, aristocratic individuals. It is a matter of ‘masculinity’, noble warriors, fighting for a single minded, subjective socio political motive, devoid of the scepticism, sensibility and democratic ideologies that exist today. It is also associated with myth, sacrifice and rituals, adhering to the rules and predestined location of the individual on a higher, transcendental platform. Adherence to a religious, or god like following. Examples of puritan ideas of tragedy are: Antigone, Agamemnon, Oedipus etc. Antony and Cleopatra was written in the late 16th century AD, during the reign of King James the first, making it a generalised Jacobean drama. Yet, the play is vastly different than any of its contemporaries, be it from other play writes of the time, as well as Shakespeare’s own tragedies. It is different from its contemporaries by taking characters from a historical, heroic phase of the world and giving it the characteristics of an Aristotelian tragedy, not showing the situations in their respective time periods. Most of the other Jacobean dramas follow only the already existing notion of socio political norms in their timely reality. It surpasses the law of time and space continuum as scenes bounce back and forth between different places (Alexandria, Pompey, and Athens) and different time spheres not rendering to the Aristotelian idea of drama. Also, it is only in Antony and Cleopatra, does Shakespeare have characters that encompass an ideology themselves, defining their identity. Cleopatra, as a character, embodies an alternative idea, the idea of the â€Å"other†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the exotic, sexual, over feminised view of the Orient. Antony, the idea of the tragic hero, the fallen lover. Octavius Ceaser, the idea of duty, power, discipline. The mere fact that, the political ideologies of the racial other is significant in the play, when strategies and affairs go beyond the Eurocentric notion of duty and order is in itself a marvel. The challenges met by the masculine, western order of the world goes beyond borders to the exotic orient, ruled by a powerful woman who dominates the entire play ; makes many critics treat Antony and Cleopatra as a transgressive play of the time. Yet, it cannot fit the pure idea of the classical tragedy either. It lacks the divine authority of Aristotelian tragedy, not condemning itself too much to predestination. It is devoid of rituals and noble sacrifices etc. The sacrifices made, for example, by Antony and Cleopatra was not for ascetic duties to anyone else, but fuelled by their passion for one another. Cleopatra, as a character, is pivotal to the play. She is either being spoken of, or to in the venture and holds the most power amongst any of the other characters. A woman, being the centre of conversation and drive, is not befitting to a classical tragedy. Hence, Antony and Cleopatra lies somewhere in between, making many critics reassess the idea of the Jacobean drama itself as well as comparing and contrasting the play with its contemporaries to reach a higher understanding of why it was written as such. From this difference is raised the question of the difference in era and time with relation to the notion of honour, heroism and post heroism. Heroism is described as a type of war; the strategy of which is based on a single man’s â€Å"heroic† socio-political motives. Hence, heroism in a literary sense, translates to a drama based upon the wanting’s of one or few men. The Iliad, by Homer is an excellent example of heroism in dramatic form. The war against troy, instigated by personal ambitions of a few men. Achilles’s want of â€Å"glory† (another heroic notion), Menelaus’s revenge against Paris, and Agamemnon’s quest for power. Heroism is found to be the rock base of almost all the tragedies of the ancient western world. Homeric and Aristotelian tragedies base their motives upon the hands of a single person’s personal agenda. A war is caused, thousands is people are sent to their deaths over decades, to win a fight for one man’s honour. Based on myth and sacrifice, adhering to knowledge of ancient civilisations. Antony and Cleopatra, based on the history of civilisations, dating back to around 69 BC, written by William Shakespeare born during the renaissance, Elizabethean age dating to 14th century AD, provides a complex mechanism of thinking. C. L. Barber quotes: â€Å"There was a decline in honour amongst aristocracy due to professionalism of warfare. â€Å"Heroism† no longer existed by the end of the 17th century. â€Å" Thus comes the question of why a play such as Antony and Cleopatra, full of nobility, honour and the notion of â€Å"Heroism† was written during a post-heroic age. The content, befitting to an Aristotelian drama, is written in a subversive, moralistic fashion provided by the inevitable destruction of the essence to which it is formed. The character of Antony is described as an autonomous figure, with personal drive and passions. Octavius Ceaser on the other hand, performs his duties towards his empire without tangling himself in personal dilemmas. And the character of Cleopatra, of course, renders to the main problem. That is; Cleopatra encompasses the political and personal problem, Antony the fallen lover entangled in the problem, and Ceaser, and the authorial figure who in the end, stamps his values as the winner and survivor of the situation. Ironically, it is the very base of ancient heroism that becomes Antony’s fatal flaw. By the second half of the drama, Antony is trapped within his own ego, whilst Ceaser dissuades his honour. In Act 3, scene 12, Ceaser even foretells Antony’s self-destruction, in a conversation with Thidias upon the news of Antony returning to Egypt fleeing from his duties; â€Å"Observe how Antony becomes his flaw, And what thou think’st his very action speaks, In every power that moves. Shakespeare, reveals the strategy of the play from Ceasers perspective; the perspective of the post heroic age of duty and civilian authority against that of personal glory and ambition. This biasness shows the context with which the play was written; from a Eurocentric, masculine objectivity. Right before Ceaser and Antony go to war with their respective armed forces, Antony challenges Ceaser to a one on one, swordfight to determine their fates. This â€Å"heroic† gesture is then vertur ned with Ceaser refusing to accept the challenge. In Act 4, scene 1, Ceaser seems to laugh off his Antony’s proposal. â€Å"He calls me boy, and chides as he had power to beat me out of Egypt. My messenger He hath whipped with rods; dares me to personal combat, Ceaser to Antony. I have many other ways to die, meanwhile laugh at his challenge. † Ironically, the Antony seems to be a heroic character driven by his â€Å"honour†, his â€Å"virtus†, yet it is this characteristic itself, that Shakespeare has twisted into a fatal flaw. The character of Antony is destroyed because Shakespeare makes his personal heroism, his only drawback. Odd, as personal glory and passion, two man dual ship, etc. , was revered in the heroic stage of Aristotelian drama, in which historically, the play is located. Perhaps, abiding by the rule of King James the first, Shakespeare needed to adhere to social norms, by exoticising the east, and by condemning Antony’s heroism to death abiding by the Jacobean age which was devoid of such fantasy. By taking the subject of Antony and Cleopatra, Shakespeare seemingly reverses the whole idea of the myth, and transforms it to please and tutor the masses of 14th century England. Antony and Cleopatra hence becomes one of the most interesting pieces of Shakespeare as well as Jacobean drama, by transgressing itself completely from a heroic, materialistic, world to the dawn of the new age of political stability, democracy and sensibility. How to cite Antony and Cleopatra: Heroic Act, Post Heroic Age, Essay examples

Defence policy of india free essay sample

India pursues a road of peaceful development, and firmly pursues a national defense policy which is defensive in nature. India is a developing country with vast territory and large population. Indias peace, security and development needs effective national defense. Indias national defense is subject to and serves its development and security strategy. It is not directed against nor does it threaten any country, and its fundamental purpose is to safeguard national security and unity, and ensure smooth progress of the cause of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. Indias national defense never goes beyond the need of safeguarding its national security. India has been and will remain firm in safeguarding international and regional peace, security and stability. India hopes the international community will view Indias national defense construction in an objective and fair manner. India is ready to work with all parties to strengthen mutual trust and cooperation with a view to promoting international peace, stability and development. India unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace. The fundamental goals of this policy are to preserve Indias independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, create a favorable international environment for Indias reform and opening up and modernization construction, maintain world peace and propel common development. Background Following India’s independence in 1947, then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru embarked on a foreign policy that was based on principles of socialism and remaining noncommittal to the emerging struggle between the Soviet Union and the countries forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the post-World War II period. Eventually, this policy led to India becoming one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1955. In practical terms, it placed India in a position of securing bilateral international commitments only in situations that were clearly neutral in nature or in cases of lastresort. The basic principles of nonalignment also governed the military relationships of the Indian defense establishment, resulting in limited military-tomilitary contacts, usually through United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions or training at foreign military schools. These practices were generally followed by his successors until the early 1990s when a changing geopolitical structure and an internal economic crisis began to challenge these principles. India’s answer to this challenge is to reach out to as many â€Å"friendly foreign countries† as possible to establish a balance of nonalignment with global multilateralism. The diversification of its defense supply base from the Soviet Union and later Russia to western suppliers resulted in a series of new agreements supporting its diversification, while also securing agreements with many of its smaller friends. Since 2000, India has increased the number of countries with which it has defense-specific agreements from seven to 26 by the end of 2008. Bilateral and multilateral exercises are also an increasing feature of India’s viexpanding defense relations as it seeks to find new technologies to transform its military from Cold War era weapons to 21st century capabilities through such opportunities. India’s interests have changed over the past decade or more, taking it from a position of nonalignment and noncommitment to having specific strategic interests taking it on a path of â€Å"poly-alignment. This path appears to be following four specific, but intermingled courses: †¢ Becoming a regional power across the Indian Ocean basin and securing agreements from partners in this region that support this goal, while building up expeditionary capabilities in its navy and air force. At the same time, it continues to modernize its army to deal with potential threats from its immediate neighbors and internal insurgency groups, and to fulfill its goal of being a global leader in UN peacekeeping. Developing â€Å"strategic partnerships† with countries perceived as leaders of a global, multipolar order and seeking modern military capabilities from many of those countries. This includes modern weapon systems as well as the and technology licensed production associated with those weapon systems. †¢ Securing or maintaining ties with smaller countries globally, many of which are members of the NAM, that can provide support in international fora as well as provide potential markets for its own emerging defense industry. Maintaining its position of leadership in the NAM and publically presenting itself as â€Å"nonaligned† despite its actual alignments in the three above thrust areas. Many of the recent changes in India’s global defense relationships represent a vast departure from past policy and practices. Given that the Congress Party and its United Progressive Alliance coalition received a strong electoral mandate on its reelection in May 2009, these changes are likely to continue and perhaps will see bold moves to further develop and deepen strategic relationships around the world. As India cements its expanding defense relationships through purchase of major defense platforms and the associated technology transfers and co-production agreements, it will define the course of its long-term relationships for the coming decades. National Security, Defence Policy and Planning It is generally acknowledged that the approach to national security requires a comprehensive view of various political, social, economic, technological and strategic aspects. National security implies not only safeguarding territorial boundaries but also that the nation is able to build a cohesive, egalitarian, technologically efficient and progressive society with a good quality of life. Compared with national security, defence policy is more focussed, concerned with the protection of the state and its citizens from direct and indirect (proxy) military threats and actions of other states. In defence planning, the emphasis shifts to national security concerns that are mainly military in nature. There are two concepts at this level: deterrence (including coercive diplomacy) and defence (dissuasion). Deterrence refers to policies designed to discourage the adversary from taking direct or proxy military action, by raising the cost so that it outweighs the gains that he may wish to attain. Defence (dissuasion) policies are designed to reduce the capability of the adversary to cause damage—and own costs and risks—in the event deterrence fails. Deterrence and defence are two interwoven strands of defence policy. Defence planning involves the conceptualisation of plans and decisions for the execution of defence policy. Long-term planning for defence is essential for the following reasons: (a) The existence of a highly fluid strategic environment, which results in continuous shifts and changing profiles of threat and power equations. (b) To ensure judicious allocation of resources and cost effective utilisation. (c) Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), i. e. advances in technology, which result in weapons and equipment systems becoming obsolete at a fast rate. Lead time required to raise and prepare defence units; to produce or acquire and introduce new weapons and equipment systems. (e) The changing nature of conflict and reduced reaction time. (f) Coordination problems between defence, economic, science and technology, infrastructure and industrial activities, as well as among the Defence Forces. The defence planning process attempts to match the budgetary resources likely to be made available for the requirement to establish the defence capability necessary to face the threats and challenges. This exercise is undertaken in two phases: (a) What should be the proportion allocated to the defence effort as against other areas of national security concerns and economic growth? This exercise involves a ‘visionary’ analysis of external and internal security threats (often linked) and challenges. In order to minimise adverse affects of high military expenditure on socio-economic development, it is necessary to harmonise national development planning with defence planning. (b) Optimisation of allocated resources, i.e. distribution of resources within the Ministry of Defence (MoD) based on Force planning (Force and weapons mix, command and control, logistics and human resources management) by the Defence Services to combat current and future threats, and development of required capabilities by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), defence production and other agencies concerned. The quantum of indigenous production and the requirements to be procure d from outside are decided in this phase. The objective is to achieve maximumdefence capability from the given resources. Both allocation and distribution are closely linked. They need to be reviewed periodically but not so frequently that the planning process becomes ad hoc. In India’s case, this is done at five-year intervals. Background of Defence Planning in India Before independence, the defence services worked on a system of contract budget. Defence expenditure was pegged at Rs 55 crore per year, which was more than half of the Central Government’s revenue. There was no serious threat from outside (except during World War II, when a fresh agreement was signed) and this amount was more than adequate to maintain the establishment. The savings were not allowed to lapse but put away in the Defence Reserve Fund that was utilised to finance measures for reequipment of the Defence Services, thus freeing the Government from having to provide fund money greater than the contract amount. Expenditure on defence rose steeply soon after independence. However,  there was no planned effort and defence programmes consisted mainly of outright purchases from abroad, drawing heavily on available Sterling reserves. In the late 1950s, some efforts were made to initiate domestic weapons production by the Ministry of Defence when Mr Krishna Menon was the Defence Minister. The Sino-Indian conflict in 1962 aroused a new defence consciousness in the country. After taking care of immediate postwar requirements, systematic defence planning started in 1964. Defence requirements were assessed on a five-year basis and the First Five Year Defence Plan (1964-69) was drawn up. This plan took into account the resources available and assistance which could be expected from friendly foreign countries. The plan was primarily based on an expansion and modernisation programme considered necessary by each Service in the light of the respective threat perception assessed. It also proposed a defence production base that would gradually reduce the country’s external dependence, provide for improvements in border roads and communications, and a modest expansion of DRDO. The Government recognised the imperative need to synergise `defence’ and `development’ instead of planning each on a separate and un-related level. The MoD emphasised the â€Å"inevitable need to harness all resources of the country for the country’s defence and for the defence effort to derive full sustenance from the country’s economic development plans†. Thereafter, the National Development Council authorised the Chairman of the Planning Commission to review the needs of both development and defence. A Planning Cell was established in 1965 in the Ministry of Defence ‘to deal with the wider aspects of defence planning’. The new system was intended to facilitate medium and long-term defence planning and to maintain constant liaison with the Planning Commission and other ministries. It was expected that the MoD would derive maximum advantage from the development effort by being able to place its priorities for consideration along with the overall economic and industrial plans drawn up by the Planning Commission. The experience of the First Five Year Defence Plan showed that the development of weapons and equipment was a long drawn out process. The Government realised that there could be no forward movement in attaining self-sufficiency in weapons and equipment unless these requirements were planned over a reasonably long period, long enough to cover the span of development and production of new weapons systems and other fighting tools. The inadequacy of foreign exchange reserves was another hindrance in planning and implementation. In order to mitigate some of these drawbacks, the Second Five Year Defence Plan (1969-74) was instituted on a â€Å"roll-on† basis. After a year, an additional year was added so that the Defence Services would have before them a revised and up-dated five-year plan. In this context, the MoD commented: â€Å"Opportunity is taken by this annual exercise to take note of and reflect the change in priorities, the shifts in emphasis and the latest concepts and programmes to reorient the plan within the scheme of resources so that the aims and means are most effectively balanced. † This system was expected to facilitate the planning of projects that took five years or more and to revise or eliminate projects, depending on the prevailing foreign exchange situation and availability ofdomestic resources. For a period of five years, firm assurances were to be given on the availability of resources. This, unfortunately, never happened. In 1971, it was impossible to adhere to the discipline and the pattern of the rollon plan. Instead of roll-on annual revisions, immediate requirements dominated the Government’s attention that pre-empted plan efforts. In its 1971-72 Annual Report, the MoD acknowledged that having a Planning Cell in the ministry was an insufficient and unsatisfactory method of meeting a crisis. The Planning Cell was not taken seriously in the crucial stages of economic planning and the argument that defence needs would be adjusted in the over-all allocation of resources was proved wrong. In 1974, an Apex Group headed by the Union Minister for Planning again suggested that steady long-term defence programmes would be more cost effective and economical rather than fluctuating allocations due to periodic economic and security crises. In order to integrate defence planning with the overall economic planning effort, defence and economic development plans were made co-terminus. The Planning Machinery Most of the defence planning machinery and planning methodology was developed in the decade 1964-74. The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) was established in the Cabinet Secretariat to provide external and internal threat assessments. Inputs for this purpose were to be provided by all Intelligence agencies of the Government. The Service Chiefs were to assess the broad military aims and a strategy, coordinated in the Chiefs of Staff Committee, was to be approved by the Defence Minister. However, this was seldom done. Each Service ended up planning its own force level, choice of weapons and equipment, and build-up of infrastructure. In 1977, the Government formed a Committee for Defence Planning (CDP) to â€Å"undertake regular assessments relevant to defence planning in the light of all factors having a bearing on national security and defence†. However, this committee could not function smoothly nor meet the desired goals. Planning units were also established in the Department of Defence Production and DRDO. A Planning and Coordination Cell was created in the MoD to coordinate and compile various plans into a ‘Defence Plan’ for Cabinet approval. As the bureaucrats in the ministry had no professional knowledge or background, this cell could only compile different requirements without any analysis. In Army Headquarters, the Deputy Chief of Army Staff was made responsible for preparing the Army plan. A Perspective Planning Directorate was established in the late 1970s. Naval and Air plans were prepared in the respective Planning Directorates. Financial considerations, non-existent at this level earlier, were introduced through Finance Planning Sections attached to these Directorates. In 1986, the Directorate General of Defence Planning Staff (DGDPS), comprising officers from the three Services, DRDO, and Ministries of Defence and External Affairs, was established under the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) to coordinate and harmonise defence planning. Civilian officers from the Ministries probably did not find the job professionally satisfying and were gradually withdrawn, thus leaving the DGDPS a tri-Service set up. All these measures enabled each Service headquarters to prepare defence plans in a more rational manner. But due to lack of clear political direction and each Service primarily planning for itself, joint planning, coordination between Services and other departmental plans of the MoD, were largely ignored. After the Kargil conflict in 1999, the Group of Ministers (GoM) and later the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approved several reforms. An Integrated Defence Headquarters (IDH) was established and the DGDPS was merged with it. The creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), whose tasks would include ensuring intra and inter-Services prioritisation of defence plans and improvement in joint functioning of the Defence Services, was recommended. The reforms also included establishment of a Defence Intelligence Agency and creation of Defence Equipment Production, Research and Planning councils in the IDH and MoD, respectively. Unfortunately, the CDS, who would be the cornerstone of integrated operational planning for defence, has not been appointed. Analysis of the System Despite several years of planning efforts, defence planning in India is characterised by seesaw bouts of frenzied activity followed by long periods of relative inaction. Five-year defence plans have rarely been formally approved before commencement. The Tenth Defence Plan, now in its third year, is yet to be accorded formal government approval. Ad-hocism is the order of the day, leading to knee-jerk responses and haphazard planning, making India a reactive rather than pro-active nation in matters pertaining to national security. Whenever India’s major adversaries plan a big defence purchase, there is an outcry for similar acquisitions, resulting in piecemeal decisions regardless of long-term impact and overall requirements. The Defence Forces are forced to follow â€Å"a case-by-case† approach to modernisation and procurement of arms, ammunition and equipment to replace obsolescent items, in many cases long after their life cycle is over and they cannot be maintained in a cost effective manner. The Army’s Vijayanta tanks, MiG-21s of the IAF, and IL-38 maritime reconnaissance aircraft of the Navy are some examples. Weapons development, procurement and absorption are complex processes. A lead-time of 15-20 years is required to plan and execute major projects. Despite this, for several years, a large amount of the capital acquisition budget has been surrendered. In the prevailing era of strategic uncertainty, the changing nature of warfare demands a judicious mix of threat and capabilities-based forces that can operate efficiently as combined arms, joint Services teams and components of multi-national coalition forces. National Security Policy and Strategy The concept of national security rests mainly on the proposition that many foreign and domestic political, economic and military issues are inter-related, each with implications on the other. In India’s case, this has been highlighted by insurgencies and other political events, particularly in border-states, and other outside pressures, which are brought to bear on the country’s economy and technological progress from time to time. A response to this type of environment calls for a highly focussed national security policy and strategy. Effective guidance on national security and defence policy objectives is fundamental to the defence planning process. National security is a relative matter without a firm criteria but unless firm national security objectives are set and a defence policy evolved, there can be no military doctrine or balancing of defence effort with other national objectives and priorities such as maintaining a viable economy and supporting development of society. The lack of a cohesive national security strategy and defence policy has many implications. First, it results in the absence of clear political direction regarding politicomilitary objectives, which is the very basis of sound defence planning. Secondly, there is inadequate coordination of defence plans and economic development. Finally, science and technology policies for defence, general industrialisation and other development programmes are not coordinated properly to achieve security goals and objectives. Perspective Planning Perspective planning needs to be done in the Integrated Defence Headquarters, where military, technical and RD experts take an integrated view of future threats and challenges. This has to be based on future battlefield scenarios, and array of forecasts, evaluation of strategic options and force mixes, and analysis of potential technical and industrial capabilities. Based on this, the respective Service should work on their perspective plans and the RD and Defence Production/Supplies experts should spell out their requirements in terms of effort, technology and indigenous production. Self-reliance in Defence Technology The DRDO has a network of 51 laboratories and establishments. The Scientific Advisor (SA) to the Raksha Mantri (RM) is the Secretary of this Department. The DRDO has a staff of 30,000, including 6,800 scientists and engineers. It receives approximately four to six per cent of the defence budget annually. The DRDO is engaged in the pursuit of self-reliance in critical technologies relevant to defence. It formulates and executes a programme of scientific research, design and development for the induction into the Armed Forces of state-of-the-art weapons and other equipments. In April 1984, the DRDO envisaged a programme â€Å"to transform the Department into a leader of international class with the mission to capture and retain commanding heights in critical technologies†. A ‘mission mode’ organisational structure and approach was approved by the Government with a view to increasing the element of self-reliance from the current 30 per cent to 70 per cent by 2005. This goal, however, is nowhere in sight. The Department has developed more than 1,100 items of weapon systems and equipment with a production value of over Rs 6,000 crore. But it has not been able to make any major contribution to the state-of-art weapons and equipment. Most of its programmes, like Prithvi (sea borne version), Trishul (short-range surface to air missile), Akash (medium-range surface to air missile), Nag (anti-tank missile), Light Combat Aircraft with Kaveri engine, Pinaka (multiple-barrel rocket system), MBT Arjun, Electronic Warfare equipment, new radio sets for the Army, Sonar system for Navy, and many other items, are way behind schedule. Because of the failure to deliver the required weapons and equipment, defence planning and Force structuring by the Services has suffered continuously. The DRDO’s inability to deliver in time has caused a crisis of confidence and constant dissatisfaction in the Services. In order to ensure smooth progress towards self-reliance in defence technology, the Government must undertake a periodic performance audit of DRDO projects to reinforce efforts in areas of success and weed out projects that are unproductive. Defence Production and Supply The Defence Production Department created in 1962 and the Department of Defence Supply set up in 1965 were merged in 1984 to constitute the Department of Defence Production and Supplies. Presently, 39 Ordnance factories and eight Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) come under this department. The Directorate of Quality Assurance, Air Technical Development and Production (Air), Standardisation, and Exhibition Organisation also form part of this Department. The Ordnance Factories produce more than 1,500 items of arms, ammunition, equipment and components. Most of these products constitute relatively low to mediumtechnology items. Twenty per cent of the output goes to non-defence customers. Due to the very high cost of production, delivery delays and suspect quality, it has not been possible to meet export targets and, sometimes, even orders given by the Services. Ordnance factories as well as DPSUs need to shed the manufacture of low technology items to the private sector and focus on hi-tech products. They should also be in a position to take up substantial product improvement themselves and not be dependent on DRDO. Defence Planning Tools In recent years, defence economics and management techniques have made an important contribution to defence planning. A number of techniques such as Operational Research and Systems Analysis (ORSA), Planning Programming and Budgeting Systemhave been developed to make the planning process more systematic and to maximise the benefits obtained from the given amount of resources. Systems Analysis can assist in developing rational procedures for procurement of new weapons systems. Systems performance at design stage can be evaluated through computer simulation. Planners all over the world are using computerised war-gaming techniques and structure analysis. Prospects exist for a more enlightened approach that can bring together military officers, historians, technologists and quantitative analysts. In many countries, there is a growing interest in analytical realism, operational relevance and integrated defence planning. In India the Services are far behind in introducing these aids in our defence planning system. The planning directorates in Service Headquarters do not even have data banks which can provide relevant information on a specified subject. Most of the planners have high combat and command qualifications but little clue of the modern techniques. There is an urgent need to introduce modern planning aids into our planning system. Defence planners should also learn the basic principles and techniques of economic analysis and not leave it to their ‘Finance’ colleagues. Management of Defence Budget A major lacuna in defence planning and implementation has been lack of financial commitment for the Plan period. Financially, the defence plans are treated more as annual plans rather than composite five years plan. There is a rush to spend the annual capital budget by the end of the financial year since the amount not spent has to be surrendered. In FY 2004-05, the previous government had proposed to institute a non-lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund of Rs 25,000 crore. This was a long awaited reform in the defence-finance mechanism as budgeted capital expenditure worth thousands of crores was surrendered year after year. However, the new government, being of the view that there are no provisions in the budgetary rules and regulations to carry forward unspent funds for three years, has done away with this reform. It needs to be pointed out that a similar procedure was being followed in the 1930s and 1940s. The provisions invoked at that time need to be studied carefully and could be used as a precedent. Action should be taken expeditiously to revive the Defence Modernization Fund. Otherwise, funds earmarked for capital expenditure on an annual basis will continue to lapse, leading to lack of systematic defence preparedness. In the Revenue Budget, there is a need to include incentives to save and reduce annual maintenance expenditure without adversely affecting operational efficiency. It is also necessary to exploit the increasing domestic industrial capability to support the existing infrastructure and thus reduce maintenance costs and enhance the quality ofmaintenance. Human Resources Management The development of human resources must keep pace with the modernisation of the armed forces so that new, state-of-the-art equipment can be optimally exploited by well trained and motivated soldiers, sailors and airmen. The age profile of military personnel, particularly in the Army, and the age of commanders at battalion and brigade levels needs to be looked into. Currently, a soldier has to serve for 15 to 17 years to earn his pension. When he retires, besides the lifelong pension that has to be paid, a trained individual is lost to the nation. Similarly, while there is a shortage of approximately 14,000 officers, most officers retire in rank of Lieutenant Colonel or Colonel at the age of 52-54 years when they still have years of productive life ahead though they are no longer for active combat. Innovative measures need to be adopted to reduce the effects of the current national loss on this account. The best method would be to institute a procedure of ‘lateral induction† under which both officers and personnel below officer rank can be transferred to central police and paramilitary forces(CPMFs). The colour (active) service of jawans should be reduced to 7-10 years with no pension liability after which the volunteers are transferred to the BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CISF and other such forces. Similarly, the Shipping Corporation of India, National Port Trust and other such maritime organisations can fruitfully employ Naval personnel. Ex-servicemen will be expected to serve in these organisations till superannuation, after which they would be entitled to pension. This will improve the age profile of the Services, provide trained manpower to the CPMFs, ensure productive long-term employment for a large number of trained men till superannuation, and also reduce the pension bill of the Central Government. The Army should increase the recruitment of Short Service Officers to make up its shortfall. Induction of these officers to the CPMFs after five years of service will improve junior leadership and effectiveness of these forces in internal security and counter insurgency operations. Given the fluid strategic environment and the rapid advances in defence technology, there is a need for judicious allocation of the limited budgetary resources. Long lead times are required for creating futuristic Forces, hence the need to make long-termdefence planning mandatory. Greater synergy between defence and development plans is required. †¢ The lack of a cohesive national security strategy and defence policy has resulted in inadequate political direction regarding politico-military objectives. The Government should prepare a clear national security strategy, defence policy, and review it every 4-5 years. †¢ In view of the time taken to create the capabilities necessary for facing future threats and challenges, it is essential for the Defence Services to evolve 10 to 15-year perspective plans with the required budgetary support. †¢ The Chiefs of Staff Committee has not been successful in preparing comprehensive ‘integrated defence plans’ due to emphasis on single Service planning and constant competition among the Services for a bigger share of resources. The civilian bureaucrats in the MoD do not have the professional expertise to decide on interService priorities. Hence, the early appointment of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is essential as he will be the cornerstone for integrated defence and operational planning. †¢ A non-lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund must be expeditiously created to ensure that allocations are optimally utilised and funds earmarked for capital acquisitions are not allowed to lapse. †¢ The Revenue Budget of the Services needs to be better managed. Annual maintenance expenditure can be curtailed by greater exploitation of the available public and private sector industrial infrastructure capability and offering incentives to the Services to save. †¢ To ensure smooth progress towards self-reliance in defence technology, the Government must undertake a periodic performance audit of the DRDO plans and projects. The review should reinforce efforts in areas of success and weed out unproductive projects. †¢ Ordnance Factories should produce only hi-tech products and shed the production of low-tech items to the private sector. Integrated Defence Staff and the Services’ perspective planners should acquire expertise in operational research and systems analysis, as also financial planning, for evolving complex integrated defence plans. †¢ In order to improve the age profile of the Services and simultaneously reduce the pension bill of the Central Government, personnel below officer rank should be transferred to central police and paramilitary forces (CPMFs) after active service of 7-10 years. †¢ The Army should increase recruitment of Short Service Officers to make up its shortfall. Induction of these officers to the CPMFs after five years of service will improve junior leadership and effectiveness of these forces in internal security and counter insurgency operations. CONCLUSION Defence planning has been neglected for long in India. This has led to ad-hocismin decision-making and adversely affected the modernisation plans of the Services. The key issues needing immediate attention include the need for formal prior approval for five-year defence Plans, better management of the defence revenue and capital acquisition budgets, streamlining of the defence procurement process and better human resources management. The Government of India should appoint a group of eminent experts to study the present defence planning process, identify the lacunae and grey areas in the process and recommend structural and procedural changes. The aim should be to streamline defence planning, harmonize it with national development plans, and make the process more responsive in order to deal effectively with the rapidly changing geostrategic and regional security environment.

Socrates View of Death free essay sample

Examines ideas on fear of death in light of his determination to pursue truth justice regardless of the outcome. Socratess Views of Death in the Apology and the Crito Socratess views of death in the Apology and the Crito are irrevocably tied to his definition of life and the way people must live their lives. For Socrates, life must be examined through constant questioning, and people must privilege goodness above all else. Consequently, even in the face of injustice, people must retaliate with justness because an injustice in the first case does not become just when offered in retaliation. No act, therefore, must be performed upon fear of death solely to preserve life because the preservation of life is not the primary concern. Socrates did not stay out of politics because he was afraid that it would lead to his death. He freely admits in The Apology that he does not know the true nature of death or what happens to. We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates View of Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Find out What the Pelagic Zone Is

Find out What the Pelagic Zone Is The pelagic zone is the area of the ocean outside of coastal areas. This is also called the open ocean. The open ocean lies over and beyond the continental shelf. Its where you’ll find some of the biggest marine life species. The sea floor (demersal zone) is not included in the pelagic zone. The word pelagic comes from the Greek word pelagos meaning sea or high sea.   Different Zones Within the Pelagic Zone The pelagic zone is separated into several subzones depending on water depth: Epipelagic zone (ocean surface to 200 meters deep). This is the zone in which photosynthesis can occur because light is available.Mesopelagic zone (200-1,000m) - This is also known as the twilight zone because light becomes limited. There is less oxygen available to organisms in this zone.Bathypelagic zone (1,000-4,000m) - This is a dark zone where water pressure is high and the water is cold (around 35-39 degrees).  Abyssopelagic zone (4,000-6,000m) - This is the zone past the continental slope - the deep water just over the ocean bottom. This is also known as the abyssal zone.Hadopelagic zone (deep ocean trenches, greater than 6,000m) - In some places, there are trenches that are deeper than the surrounding ocean floor. These areas are the hadopelagic zone. At a depth of over 36,000 feet, the Mariana Trench is the deepest known point in the ocean.   Within these different zones, there can be a dramatic difference in available light, water pressure and the types of species youll find there. Marine Life Found in the Pelagic Zone Thousands of species of all shapes and sizes live in the pelagic zone. Youll find animals that travel long distances and some that drift with the currents. There is a wide array of species here as this zone includes all of the ocean that is not either in a coastal area or the ocean bottom. Thus, the pelagic zone thus comprises the largest volume of ocean water in any marine habitat. Life in this zone ranges from tiny plankton to the largest whales. Plankton Organisms include phytoplankton, which provides oxygen for us here on Earth and food for many animals. Zooplankton such as copepods are found there and also are an important part of the oceanic food web. Invertebrates Examples of invertebrates that live in the pelagic zone include jellyfish, squid, krill, and octopus. Vertebrates Many large ocean vertebrates live in or migrate through the pelagic zone. These include  cetaceans, sea turtles and large fish such as ocean sunfish (which is shown in the image), bluefin tuna, swordfish, and sharks. While they dont live  in the water, seabirds such as petrels, shearwaters, and gannets can often be found above, on and diving under the water in search of prey. Challenges of the Pelagic Zone This can be a challenging environment where species are affected by wave and wind activity, pressure, water temperature and prey availability. Because the pelagic zone covers a large area, prey may be scattered over some distance, meaning animals have to travel far to find it and may not feed as often as an animal in a coral reef or tide pool habitat, where prey is denser. Some pelagic zone animals (e.g., pelagic seabirds, whales, sea turtles) travel thousands of miles between breeding and feeding grounds. Along the way, they face changes in water temperatures, types of prey, and human activities such as shipping, fishing, and exploration.

Critically Evaluate The Sustainability Strategy Of Coca-Cola Company Coursework

Critically Evaluate The Sustainability Strategy Of Coca-Cola Company - Coursework Example This is different from the convectional business model where it was relegated outside the business strategy, being left for business experts, innovators and perfectionists. Coca-Cola is a multinational non-alcoholic beverage company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with over 200 foreign subsidiaries. The company has a market capitalization of 178.67B USD and an enterprise value of 193.97B USD (Isdell, N. & Beasley, 102). It has maintained competitiveness in the contemporary business environment due to its corporate sustainability program integrated in its business strategy. This paper presents a critical evaluation of how effectively the company is integrating sustainability issues in to business strategy. It also explains the specific reasons the company is adopting sustainability. The paper also highlights some failures experienced in maintaining a competitive sustainability strategy as well as an action plan to improve its performance. Coca-Cola Business Strategy Statement of Lo ng-Term Intent Coca-Cola Company has a long term intent for sustainability that is supported by the presence of the position of Chief Sustainability Officer since 2011, which has significantly contributed to its sustainability agenda with the theme dubbed ‘Live Positively’, which is focused on three pillars of people, society and environment (Lester & Tice, 59). The theme is accomplished through partnership with governments as well as non-governmental organizations. The sustainability efforts have been entrenched in all aspects of business, including the company’s affiliates and subsidiaries. Sustainability reports are published annually, which indicates the company’s commitment to its long-term intent (Jean et al, 82). To accomplish long-term sustainability, the company has set smart objectives such as promotion of healthy living, livelihood improvement in poor communities, empowerment of vulnerable groups that are shared among the business linkages. Redu ction of the calorie level in its beverages is aimed at addressing the health concerns of consumers with regards to high calories in the diet. Product differentiation has successfully led to the development of over 800 beverages that have little or no calories, such as Diet Coke (Allen, 8). Moreover, the company has strived to achieve a 9% reduction in calorie per portion globally. This strategy has positioned its products competitively by expanding the market share to new consumers who prefer low calorie drinks Further to promote healthy living, the company focuses on establishing a physical health and nutrition program in every nation where it has set up business (Webb, 61). The company recognizes the

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Paper - Essay Example However, it is patently obvious that the social movements that began in the early 19th century have thus far a great deal left to accomplish. For instance, the individual can and should consider the case of wage disparity as it relates to men and women in the workforce. Regardless of the metric that is used, women typically make between 10-15% less on each and every pound as compared to a man. Even though great progress has been made, this particular statistic is one that is ultimately quite stubborn and has proven difficult to engage. Although it is obvious that one or two methods might not be sufficient for entirely ameliorating this differential, it is the view of this author that seeking to promote the changes that will be considered within this brief analysis will be extraordinarily beneficial in helping to address the broader issue; albeit not totally sufficient to ending the gender gap in wages. Accordingly, the approaches that will be put forward are as follows: extending fur ther levels of family leave to men, increasing government awareness programs, working to further social acceptance of wage parity, and discontinuing wage secrecy. It is widely recognized that women were not represented within the workforce of the United States, at least to a statistically significant degree, up until the First World War. As a direct result of the fact that tens of thousands of young men were going off to training and engaging in combat, the labor force was dealt a heavy blow. Similarly, the industrializing powers throughout the globe placed a heavy importance upon ensuring that their economic power was firmly exhibited by means of their industrial production capabilities; not to mention the fact that were material needed to be created at an ever increasing rate as a result of the conflicts they were exhibited throughout the developed world at that time. Similarly, the overall representation of women in the

Do Multinational Corporations Exploit the Developing World Term Paper

Do Multinational Corporations Exploit the Developing World - Term Paper Example To most parts of the developing world, 'Capitalism' is a mantra that is probably one of the surest ways of achieving economic stability not just for the individual, but also for the country as a whole. "The essence of capitalist exchange is to proceed from money to money by way of commodity and end up with more money than one had at the outset." (Raymond Aron 1967). Does this sound quite lop-sided Well, to a person or a firm who has decided to bet his last dollar on making it big in a country that is not his own, there is every cause to make the most of what can be got? Over a period of time, one will be able to assess and evaluate the quantity and quality of the resources that are available in this new country. However one-sided the argument of a capitalist may seem to be, there is no doubt that expansion of any firm involves certain losses, the pinch of which is usually felt by the developing world. There is this constant rat-race for economic prosperity, marked by large-scale trad e-offs that are more often than not, worth the reward, over a period of time. To the capitalist, this is the essence of success, a tangible measure of progress. There is no doubt that Communism as an ism has all but disappeared from the present day world. In spite of this, there are remnants of this ideology which are very powerful in many parts of the world even today. When one talks about the rights of the worker or the son of the soil for that matter, there is this overriding imperative to take care of his needs before all developmental issues are even thought of. There is always the fear that the advent of multinational corporations would first exploit workers and then alienate them in their own homelands. A fear that has taken root in many parts of the world today, sparking off protests against the entry of multinational firms into a country. As opposed to indigenous firms that are aimed at taking care of the land and labor without exploiting any resource, socialists believe that the entry of multinationals will spell the beginning of the end as far as economic independence is concerned.  

Documentary Hypotheses Essay Example for Free

Documentary Hypotheses Essay Documentary hypotheses is the persuasion of scholars that the Torah was composed by many writers. The authors of the Pentateuch are thought to come from four different traditions known as J, E, D, and P. The J which stands for the Jaw hist are responsible for most of the genesis. The E stands for Elohist referred God to Elohim (Freidman, 1997). E wrote Aqedah story and other parts of genesis, and much of exodus and numbers. D ( the deutronomist ) wrote almost the whole book of Deuteronomy and probably Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and kings. P (the priestly source) provided the first chapter of Genesis, the book of Leviticus and other sections with genealogical information (Freidman, 1997). The following factors triggered documentary hypothesis. Duplicate and triplicate passages: This stories include, two description of the covenant between God and Abraham, two versions of the ten commandments, and two accounts of the moses striking the rock of at Meriba. God was described in different ways in some cases he was referred to as Yahweh while in other parts he was referred to as Elohim. The different sources had different names for God. The belief by archaeologists and linguistic centuries ago was that writing among ancient Hebrews only developed after events portrayed. So Moses was incapable of writing the first five books. Various passages showed God in different ways, for example the flood story. The flood story is described differently by the Various sources. The following contrast arises from this two stories. In the J source the authors refer to God as the lord while the P God is referred as God. The length the rains: in the J version of the story, the rains went for 40 days While in the p version of this story the rains went for 150 days. Moreover in the J version of the story, Gods character is revealed as a merciful God. Furthermore, he has mercy on Noah and save him from the floods due to his righteousness. The p version portrays God as vengeful However, the two stories has a similarity in the conclusion. God promise to never again destroy the earth in waters. The inconsistencies in the two story explains diverse authorship. Am strongly persuaded that the stories were written down by many authors. The Question left unanswered is which account of the story do we rely on, the p or J story?. The impact would be efforts to live accordance to Gods will. The stories shows that God is vengeful if man become sinful. Essay 2. The coming of pharaoh who knew not Joseph meant suffering . Significance of this suffering is that it moved God to rescuing the Israelites from Egypt. When God talked to Moses, he told him that he had seen the affliction of his people (Freidman, 1997). Many scholars has criticized the massive exodus. The ten plagues in the bible has been well detailed (Freidman, 1997). Exodus 12. 36 explains how Egypt was deprived their slave labor. After the Egyptians army drowned in the red sea, Egypt suffered a weak defense. This factors validate the exodus of the Israelites. According to the bible, the date can be accurately calculated. The bible records in 1Kings 6. 1, the fourth year of Solomons reign was the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel were delivered from the land of Egypt. When we place the fourth year of his reign in the 960s B. C and take 480 years back it takes us to 1440s BC. Another Biblical Evidence on the dating is found on judges. This is when Jephthah tell the Ammonites that Israel had been in the land for 300 years Judges 11. 26. Jephthahs victory over the Ammonites could be traced back at 1100 B. C. This would place the arrival of Israelites arrival in the land at 1400s B. C. In consideration of thew 40 years after the exodus. This two scriptures are very helpful because the arrive at the same dating of the exodus. Archaeological and historical evidence includes the fact that numerous cities in those periods experienced a cultural change due to the arrival of the Israelites. The Israelites throughout the history concentrated in areas that were easy to defend against the Canaanites (Freidman, 1997). This supports the fact they were invaders. Furthermore, they doubters have claimed the evidence of armed destruction of some cities. The history of the Exodus is important because it formed a Jewish faith. Work cited R. E. Freidman who wrote the Bible , Harper Collins, San Francisco, CA (1997).

Children of the Holocaust Essay -- Jewish History Jew

Over one million Jewish children died during the Holocaust. They were ripped out of their homes and taken away from their families, and stripped of their childhoods. Innocent lives were caught in a war that they were not able to stop. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, he promised Germany that he would improve life their by getting rid of the one race that caused the problems, the Jews. Jews, including Jewish children, were sent to concentration camps, inspected, and if approved, were sent to work. All others would have been sent to be killed. Being sent to work did not ensure survival, children would be given very little food and water, and beaten severely, which caused their death. None of the children of the Holocaust will ever forget the experience they went through, they will always remember. The Germans wanted to control the size of the Jewish population by forcing Jews to lived in segregated sections of towns call Jewish residential quarters or ghettos. They created over 400 ghettos where Jewish adults and children were forced to reside and survive. Most ghettos were located in the oldest, most run-down places in town, that German soldiers to pick to make life in the ghetto as hard as possible. Overcrowding was frequent, several families lived in one apartment, plumbing was apprehended, human excrement was thrown out with the garbage, contagious diseases ran rapid, and hunger was everywhere. During the winter, heating was scarce, and many did not have the appropriate clothing to survive. Jerry Koenig, a Polish Jewish child, remembers: â€Å"The situation in the Warsaw Ghetto was truly horrendous- food, water, and sanitary conditions were non-existent. You couldn’t wash, people were hungry, and very susceptible to disease... ... everyone with a purpose, and that purpose was to do God’s Will. God’s Will is meant to glorify God, not persecute innocent people for their ethnic and religious background. One of God’s most repeated commands is to love our neighbor as yourself. God wants us as Christians to display God’s love through how we treat others. The Holocaust was one display of how one should not treat another person. The Holocaust was one of the biggest disasters the world has ever seen. More than 1.5 million children were murdered 1.2 Jewish children, along with thousands of gypsy children, and thousands of handicapped children. The effects of the Holocaust can be felt today, not only by what we learn and read, but by those who have endured the pain of the Holocaust and saw their friends and family being tortured and killed. They victims will never forget, they will always remember.

“Hunger” from a Scientific Biopsychological Perspective

The term â€Å"bio† means life and â€Å"logos† means study. The word biology can thus be defined as the study of life. The study of physiological bases of behavior is known as Biological psychology. Biological psychology is the study in three ways namely the comparative method, Physiology and Investigation of inheritance. In the comparative method a number of different species are studied and then the results are compared and are related in order to understand the human behavior. Physiology basically focuses on how the brain functions, how the nervous system and hormones work and how their functions affect human behavior. The Investigation of inheritances focuses on how the mechanism of inheritance works. This paper will shed light on hunger from a scientific biopsychological perspective. When level of glycogen in the liver fall below a certain point, a feeling is experienced by an animal which is known as hunger. The organ responsible for originating this unpleasant feeling is the hypothalamus part of the brain. The hypothalamus alarms the liver and the stomach through the sense receptors. Animals can basically be divided into three major categories namely the carnivores, the herbivores and the omnivores. Though they all belong to same parent class but there eating habits are pretty different. Carnivores are basically meat eaters. They generally live on live foods. The biological reason behind this is because they have large mouth and very sharp teeth. This allows them to easily get a hold on their prey and tear off the huge pieces of flesh. The short intestinal tract and the huge stomach is perfect for them to hold even an entire big fish. Carnivores prefer to eat meat because there digestive system basically lacks the ability to digest vegetable matter. Even if they try to live on vegetable they won’t be able to survive for long because there body won’t be absorbing any nutrients. As carnivores have a huge stomach. They don’t have to eat food very frequently as there serving size is usually very huge. A lion is an example of carnivore. Herbivores on the other hand are totally opposite to carnivores. The proper diet for herbivores consists of plants, algae and fruits. They have adaptive themselves according to the biology of their body. There specialized intestines makes their body capable of breaking down matter. They have flat teeth through which they grind food before swallowing. The herbivores must have to eat frequently because their stomach lacks the ability to hold large volumes of food. They need to take meals several times a day and there serving size is usually very small. An example of a herbivore is a zebra. Omnivores can eat almost anything. They can vegetables and meat. Their teeth and digestive are made in such a way that they can adapt themselves to have the properties of both the omnivore and the herbivore. An example of an omnivores are humans. The part of the brain responsible for stimulating hunger is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus can be divided into areas namely the lateral hypothalamus and the ventro hypothalamus. The lateral hypothalamus is the part that makes you feel hungry where as the ventromedial hypothalamus is the part that make you feel full and satisfied. When a person is eating a big meal and believes he no more has the capacity to eat more, the ventromedial hypothalamus is doing the job to indicate you. Signal impulses are generated by the hypothalamus at appropriate times in order to indicate that when to eat and when to stop. The hypothalamus is trained to maintain a certain optimal body weight. If the body weight falls below the marginal line, the hypothalamus lowers the metabolic rate and when we eat it tells the body to stop eating and increases the metabolic rate to burn excess foods. The neurotransmitter also effects are eating habits. The neurotransmitters that have relation with hunger is serotonin and dopamine. The serotonin is basically a neurotransmitter that keeps us happy. When we feel good, our body suppresses hunger. People who are usually depressed tend to put on weight because they feel hungry all the time. Dopamine neurotransmitter is also dependant on amino acids in the body. Dopamine levels can affect your body weight. A low dopamine level means that you’re less likely to consume amino acids in the body. As a result, there is more intake of carbohydrates and other fats and then you put on weight because you feel hungry. The processed or packaged food has certain chemical in them that effect your neurotransmitters levels in the body and thus you get hunger pangs. The hormones that affect our appetite and hunger is Ghrelin. Ghrelin levels increase before meals and lower down after meals. Gherlin has been discovered as the first hunger circulating hormone. www. soc. ucsb. edu) Obesity is a disease in which body consumes a lot of fat and chronic imbalances takes place. Science has proved that genes do play a role in obesity. Genes that are related to obesity can effect the metabolic rate. They could also affect human behavior, changing our lifestyles and increasing the risk of being obese. Science has proved that some genes control appetie. Such genes make us less able to sense when a feeling full where are as some genes make our bodies more responsive to food by affecting our sense of taste, smell or sight of food. Some genes make us feel lazy and less active and as result people put on weight. Epigenetic is a birth given to a new science. Epigenetic basically involve the study of gene activity in which though they do not involve alterations to the genetic code but can still be passed down to at least one successive generation. The cellular material for expressing these gene patterns is known as epigenome. (www. britannica. com) Both nature and nurture have affects on our diet and body size. The evolutionary factors that basically shape the genetics that we inherit from our parents and ancestors is known as Nature. Things that influence us since we were born is nurture. The range of human potential is basically determined by nature where as the ways in which the human potential is actualized is determined by nurture. Your diet and body size is affected both by the nature and the nurture. Parents that are usually tall are mostly likely to have kids that are going to be tall. This is genetic and thus nature has it roles. However, parents who are short does not necessarily mean will have kids that will be short too. If kids are given proper food, they exercise well and they remain active so they can affect their body size. Thus nurture has its role as well. (Sharpe) As for diet, your appetite is affected both by nature and nurture. In some families, they love to eat so their kids are mostly likely to eat as well. People who generally have tendencies to put on weight usually have low metabolic rate and their genes can be passed on to children. Hence nature plays it role but if the kids control their appetite, exercise well they can adapt their body and bring changes. This is where nurture plays its role. (www. answers. com)

Hamilton

Hamilton begins by highlighting the common misunderstanding that mythology depicts the blissful state of man in his original harmony with nature. On the contrary, Hamilton notes, the lives of ancient people were not romantic and beautiful, but full of hardship, disease, and violence. For Hamilton, the Greek myths are remarkable In that they show how far the Greeks, an ancient clvlllzatlon, had advanced beyond a primitive state of savagery and brutality. By the time Homer wrote his epic, the Iliad, a new way of looking at the world had come into being.According to Hamilton, this new erspective is critically important, revealing a great deal not only about ancient Greece but about modern America as well†as so much of our own culture comes directly from the Greeks. One of the most important aspects of the Greek worldview was that it was the first to put humans at the center of the universe. Unlike the animal deities of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians, the gods of the Greeks are hu man in form. Not only do they possess human physical characteristics, but they embody the emotional flaws of humans as well.Unlike the gods of other ancient civilizations, Greek gods are not infinitely omniscient and omnipotent, manifesting ypical human foibles such as philandering, feasting and drinking, and obsessive Jealousy. To the Creeks, the life of the gods so closely resembled human life that the gods felt real and tangible, rather than Incomprehensible and remote. In this way, Hamilton argues, the myths of the Greeks reflect a view of the universe that acknowledges the mystery and beauty of humanity.Even the most magical of Greek myths contain real-world elements: the supernatural Hercules lives in the very real city of Thebes, and the goddess Aphrodite is born in a spot any ancient tourist could visit, off the island of Cythera. In general, Greek myths involve less strange and frightening magic than the myths of other ancient civilizations. In this more rational world, ind ividuals become heroes by virtue of bravery and strength rather than supernatural powers.Hamilton contends that this revolutionary way of thinking about the world elevates humans and the worth of their abilities, making It a far less terrifying place In which to live. Hamilton points out a downside to this rational view of the supernatural†Ilke humans, the gods are often unpredictable. They do not always operate on the highest moral grounds, and they get angry and jealous, ometimes doing terrible things like exacting vengeance or calling for sacrifices.Even though Greek myth lacks wizards and demonic spellcasters, there are still plenty of horrible magic creatures†the snake-haired Gorgons, for Instance†that appear to be relics of that older, primitive world. In the end, however, as Hamilton points out, the Greek hero always manages to defeat these-creatures. Hamilton By vandad91 of hardship, disease, and violence. For Hamilton, the Greek myths are remarkable in tha t they show how far the Greeks, an ancient civilization, had advanced beyond a ealousy.To the Greeks, the life of the gods so closely resembled human life that the gods felt real and tangible, rather than incomprehensible and remote. In this way, about the world elevates humans and the worth of their abilities, making it a far less terrifying place in which to live. Hamilton points out a downside to this rational view of the supernatural†like humans, the gods are often unpredictable. They do not always operate on the highest moral grounds, and they get angry and Jealous, horrible magic creatures†the snake-haired Gorgons, for instance†that appear to be

I am no orator as Brutus is Essays

I am no orator as Brutus is Essays I am no orator as Brutus is Paper I am no orator as Brutus is Paper This scene, the second half of the great double climax of the play, is almost entirely made up of the short speech of Brutus and the long speech of Antony. The speeches are often contrasted and it could be said that Brutuss speech appeals to reason, whereas Antonys appeals to emotion. Not only does Brutuss speech appeal to reason, but to the spirit of liberty and dignity in the crowd. Brutuss style of speech is logical, well balanced and classical. His argument is built up in clear strong lines. Antony on the other hand, moves from mood to mood, from style to style and from argument to argument, in no obvious pattern or format. In order to examine whether Mark Anthony is a good orator we must look at his character in Julius Caesar. A friend of Caesar, Antony claims allegiance to Brutus and the conspirators after Caesars death in order to save his own life. Later, however, when speaking a funeral oration over Caesars body, through buying his way into he hearts and minds of the plebs he persuades the audience to withdraw its support of Brutus and instead condemn him as a traitor. With tears on his cheeks and Caesars will in his hand, Antony engages in a masterful (in terms of powerful emotive speaking) rhetoric to stir the crowd to revolt against the conspirators. This is where we see Antonys weakness of style: His emotional speaking doesnt match up to that of Brutus commanding dialogue. We have Antonys opening line as Lend me your ears. If we look at Brutuss opening line for his speech, Hear me for my cause, and be silent, that you may hear. Believe me for mine honour, and have respect for mine honour, that you may believe. Censure me in your wisdom, and awake your senses, that you may better judge. Here we see Brutuss brilliance in that he doesnt merely deliver to the crowd a superficial line such as lend me your ears, he does so much more. He talks about senses, and every part of the body, not just one like Antony. He appeals to the Roman sense of reason and flattery and asks the audience to use their own wisdom and judgment. To me, the request lend me your ears implies a temporary question, as if to say listen if you want to. This is another of Antonys weaknesses. He is not commanding. He doesnt command your attention or your respect. He gains it by means of emotions and sympathy and this is why he is not as good an orator as Brutus. All through Antonys speech, Brutuss name is prominent. He mentions him on so many occasions, one begins to wonder who Antony is actually talking about. Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious. If it were so, it was a grievous fault, and grievously hath Caesar answerd it. Here under leave of Brutus and the rest come I to speak in Caesars funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me; but Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honorable man It is as if he has to mention Brutuss name to keep the crowds attention. In the end, he pulls out Caesars Will, which bequeaths all of Caesars private gardens and walkways to the people of Rome. This is the final straw against the conspirators because it proves to the commoners that Caesar would have been a just ruler, and not at all ambitious, which is exactly why Brutus condoned Caesars assassination. In conclusion, Brutus is an exceptionally eloquent speaker, and I agree with Anthonys self assessment. Antony wins the crowds attention by means of something that is not entirely genuine in that it is a very temporary moment that is quickly forgotten, even though the plebs are exceptionally fickle. Technically, Brutus is the more articulate and logical speaker, however, the power of emotional rhetoric holds its ground and considerably sways the plebs in their decision. Regardless of Antonys gift it is clear that Brutus is the better orator of the two and that is why agree with Antonys self assessment, however, I do understand why, on this occasion straight oratory was not what was required and Antony is the victor.

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Methods - Essay Example An effective research process is characterized by detailed basic steps undertaken with caution to prevent errors that can affect the results. The first step is identifying the research problem. The problem is normally the issue being identified by the researcher or a concept that requires more information or clarification (Blankenship 2). Research problems are normally the common issues that affect the community and form the focus of the whole process. The second step involves the review of literature which enables the researcher to learn more about the problem under investigation. Reviewing documented literature about the problem provides the foundational knowledge that shapes the whole process. Literature review informs the researchers on how the earlier studies related to the research topic were conducted and the conclusions earlier formulated. The knowledge attained through literature review guides the researcher when narrowing down the research topic and clarifying the problem. The third step is clarification of the problem whereby the scope is narrowed down from the broad initial topic. The concepts gained through literature review offer guidance on the relevant topic under focus by addressing the stated problem. After clarification of the problem, the researcher should define the terms and concepts applied when describing the study. This helps in minimizing the confusion that may emanate from the readers of the study. This is because the interpretation differs depending on the person reading the project. Definition of terms and concepts should be followed by the definition of the population or group to be involved in the study. The research question and study purpose determine the population. Defining the population enables the researcher to know the population they are supposed to deal with and the target group. Once the population is identified, the plan for the study is developed. This serves as the framework for the entire study. Data is then collect ed among the identified population. Data collection involves surveys, questionnaires and observation of literature (Blankenship 2). The stated steps provide data that undergo analysis to answer the research question. Data is analyzed according to the stated instrumentation plan. Analysis involves breaking down the notes into categories of topic themes and making a decision on how these categories relates to the theme. The researcher identifies the loopholes in the research process and repeats the process to look for any missing information. The information is then synthesized through refining the thesis in relation to the earlier information compiled and read in the literature review. The results are reviewed and summarized according to the research questions. This is occasionally followed by communication or presentation of the results. The research should be communicated in the format required by the professor with proper use of citations to avoid plagiarism. Research process enab les researchers to inform action. The defined steps also negate any loopholes that may result to errors and eventual distortion of the conclusion drawn. Explain the Advantages and Disadvantages of Adopting the Case-Study Research Design. ADVANTAGES Case study is used to build upon the existing theory, formulate a new theory or challenge an existing theory. This provides the foundation for applying solutions to problems or during the description of a phenomenon. Case study is a

Supreme Court Land Use Opinion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supreme Court Land Use Opinion - Assignment Example Wiemerslage Church whose parishioners believe the deceased must remain in their burial grounds for religious purposes. On the basis of the O’Hearn Modernization Act, the New Kiel Wissinois State District Court granted eminent domain to the MAA, awarding the cemetery to the MAA based on â€Å"compelling government interest† in the project, a ruling upheld by the Federal Appeals Court. The Church is appealing the decision, citing insufficient â€Å"essential nexus† and lack of â€Å"rough proportionality† with regards to the building project, claiming a violation of their constitutional rights to religious protection under the First Amendment. The Great Lakes Region denied the MMA permits for dredging, a decision upheld by the Federal District Court. The MAA is appealing the decision to deny the dredging permits, citing that the denial of the permits was arbitrary and capricious and requesting eminent domain over the cemetery grounds for the use of the prosp ective runway. -The Midwestago Airport Authority (MAA), for the purposes of increasing flight capacity of the O’Hearn airport, is seeking to add a new runway, Runway 10 Center, to its airfield. The MAA contends that expansion of the airfield will serve the public interest by increasing air traffic in the region, thereby stimulating statewide economic development. -In order for the runway to be constructed, the MAA wishes to exercise eminent domain of the adjacent sacred St. Wiemerslage Teutonic Druid Cemetery, relocating the remains therein, utilizing the land thereof for the Runway 10 Center. -The St. Wiemerslage Teutonic Druid Church is vehemently opposed to the MAA seizure of the cemetery. The Church holds that the burial ground is sacred, maintaining that it is integral in their beliefs of the afterlife that the remains not be moved. -The Wissinios State District Court ruled that there was essential nexus